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FROM  THE 


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Laboratory  of  Anatomy 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 


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Eofeflkl  Aoguti  9,  1902,  «t  Lsxhgto©,  iCe3fc»s%.,  <&  5®ea^  sIm*  matter,  uackr  Act  <sf  C^o^r^,  j$ly  i&  i$M 


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THE  CHRONOLOGY 


AND 


Order  of  Ossification  of  The  Bones 


OF  THE 

u*]versity 


0fi  ^-U/\rO/$ 


HUMAN 


X-RAY  METHOD 


J.  W.  PRYOR,  M.  D„ 


Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology, 
State  University, 

Lexington,  Kentucky. 


Lexington,  Ky. 

Press  of  Trannsylvania  Company, 
1908 


FRONTISPIECE— W.  T.,  Male,  Age  11  Years,  3 Months,  3 Days. 


The  Chronology  and  Order  of  Ossification  of  the 
Bones  of  the  Human  Carpus. 


In  the  abstract  of  an  article  on  the  “Hereditary  Nature  of  Variations  in  Ossi- 
fication of  Bones/’1  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Association  of  American  Anatomists, 
at  Madison,  Wis.,  March  28th,  1907,  and  published  in  the  Anatomical  Record  of 
the  American  Journal  of  Anatomy,  the  following  observations  on  the  ossification 
of  the  bones  of  the  human  carpus  were  noted : 

First. — The  process  of  ossification  is  inaugurated  much  sooner  than  hitherto 
supposed. 

Second. — The  bones  of  the  female  ossify  in  advance  of  the  male.  This  is 
measured  at  first  by  days,  then  months,  then  years. 

Third. — The  chronological  order  in  which  the  bones  of  the  carpus  are  ossified 
is  different  from  that  formerly  supposed. 

Fourth. — The  bones  of  the  first  child,  as  a rule,  ossify  sooner  than  those  of 
subsequent  children  of  the  same  parents. 

Fifth. — Regardless  of  the  variations  (normal)  the  ossification  is  bilaterally 
symmetrical. 

Sixth. — The  union  of  the  epiphyses  with  the  shaft  takes  place  much  sooner  than 
formerly  supposed. 

Seventh. — Variation  in  the  ossification  of  bones  is  a heritable  trait. 

Previous  to  the  reading  of  this  paper,  two  publications  were  issued  from  the 
Laboratory  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the  State  College  of  Kentucky,  per- 
taining to  this  subject.2 

In  the  first  article  published,  under  the  title  of  “The  Development  of  the 
Bones  of  the  Hand  as  shown  by  the  X-Ray  Method,”  the  following  summary  was 
given : 

1.  American  Journal  of  Anatomy,  Vol.  VI,  1907. 

2.  Bulletin  Series  2 No.  5. 

Bulletin  Series  3 No.  4. 


Fig.  III. — P.  M.,  Male,  1 Year,  6 Months,  6 Days. 


Fig.  IV. — W.  S.,  Male,  1 Year,  9 Months,  10  Days. 


CARPUS 


SUMMARY. 


f Female:  between  the  third  and  fourth  months. 

Os  magnum  < 

\Male:  between  the  seventh  and  eighth  month. 

i Female:  between  the  third  and  ourtli  month. 
Male:  between  the  seventh  and  eighth  month. 

I Female:  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  month. 


Cuneiform 


Semilunar 

Scaphoid 


Trapezoid 


Trapezium 


Pisiform 


\Male:  early  in  the  third  year. 

(Female : late  in  third  or  early  in  fourth  year. 

Male:  between  fourth  and  fifth  year. 

{. Female : when  about  four  years  of  age. 

Male:  when  about  six  years  of  age. 

(Female:  between  the  fourth  and  fifth  year. 

Male:  between  the  fifth  and  sixth  year. 

Female:  between  the  fourth  and  fifth  year  (usually  preceded  by 
trapezoid) . 

Male:  early  in  the  eighth  year  (usually  preceded  by  trapezoid). 

{Female:  between  the  ninth  and  tenth  year. 

Male:  between  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  year. 


As  stated  at  that  time,  “The  conclusions  are  in  a sense  tentative  and  the  sum- 
mary incomplete.”  A large  number  of  cases  would  have  to  be  studied  before  the 
average  could  be  positively  determined. 

At  the  present  time  I have  observed  five  hundred  and  fifty-four  (554)  hands, 


Fig.  V.— H.  C.  T.,  Male,  6 Years,  4 Months,  25  Days.  Fig.  VI.— L.  F.,  Female,  5 Years,  9 Months,  28  Days. 


Fig.  VII.— E.  T.  R.,  Male,  5 Years,  10  Months,  3 Days.  Fig.  VIII.— M.  R.,  Female,  5 Years,  1 Month,  9 Days. 


of  which  two  hundred  and  sixty-six  (266)  were  of  the  female  and  two  hundred 
and  eighty-eight  (288)  were  male. 

Of  this  number  one  hundred  (100)  of  the  females  were  under  seven  years 
of  age.  Of  the  males  one  hundred  and  six  (106)  were  under  seven  years  of  age. 

A careful  study  of  these  hands  confirms  the  observations  made,  but  some 
changes  must  be  made  in  the  summary  as  presented  in  the  first  publication. 

The  first  observation,  viz.,  “The  process  of  ossification  is  inaugurated  much 
sooner  than  hitherto  supposed/’  and  the  third : “The  chronological  order  in  which 
the  bones  of  the  carpus  are  ossified,”  will  be  considered  in  this  article. 

In  the  table  herewith  given  I have  included  only  those  in  which  the  chronol- 
ogy was  distinct.  There  is,  of  course,  opportunity  for  error  in  this.  There  may 
possibly  be  a much  larger  proportion  of  cases  in  which  the  unciform  has  preceded 
the  magnum  than  is  indicated  by  their  relative  size.  There  could  not  be  great 
error  in  this,  at  least  not  enough  to  materially  change  the  result  or  influence  the 
conclusions.  I have  not  tried  to  obtain  a large  number  of  subjects  under  one 
year  of  age  for  the  reason  that  the  results  were  uniform  in  such  a large  majority 
that  it  seemed  unnecessary.  The  magnum  is  a larger  bone  than  the  unciform  and 
the  nucleus  of  the  former  will  soon  exceed  in  size  the  latter.  This  would  indicate 
that  the  rate  of  deposit  of  lime  salts  in  the  larger  bone  would  exceed  that  of  the 
smaller  hone.  However,  the  larger  size  of  the  nucleus  does  not  always  indicate 
priority  of  appearance. 

The  deposit  of  lime  salts  in  anticipation  of  the  shape  of  the  completed  bone 
is  fairly  uniform  in  all  instances,  and  is  peculiar  to  each  bone. 

In  all  of  the  bones  of  the  carpus  the  first  appearance  is  that  of  a pin  point. 
This  will  become  round  and  then  elongate,  and  as  it  enlarges  the  shadow  will  be 
characteristic  of  each  bone.  Thus  that  of  the  magnum  will  be  longer  in  the  ver- 
tical diameter  and  is  usually  constricted  in  the  middle.  The  unciform  always 
assumes  a triangular  shape,  with  the  apex  toward  the  centre  and  directed 
obliquely  downward  and  inward.  The  cuneiform  becomes  oval  with  the  long 
diameter  obliquely  downward  and  inward. 

The  semilunar  remains  round  on  the  surface,  but  often  becomes  pyramidal. 
The  scaphoid  rapidly  grows  in  the  long  diameter  of  the  bone  and  soon  distinctly 
anticipates  the  boat  shape.  The  trapezoid  and  trapezium  remain  round  until  they 
are  quite  large.  Although  the  palmar  surface  of  the  bone  is  in  contact  with  the 
plate,  the  shadow  cast  is  largely  determined  by  the  dorsal  surface  which  is  inter- 
posed between  the  tube  and  the  plate,  thus  obstructing  the  rays.  When  the  nega- 
tive is  compared  with  the  bone,  the  resemblance  to  the  dorsal  surface  is  distinct. 


Fig.  IX. — C.  B.,  Female,  5 Years,  9 Months,  17  Days,  right. Fig.  X. — C.  B.,  Female,  5 Years,  9 Months,  17  Days,  left. 


Fig.  XI. — S.  G.,  Female,  5 Years,  1 Day,  right. 


Fig.  XII. — S.  G.,  Female,  5 years,  1 Day,  left. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 


Name. 


Size  of 
Nucleus 
in  M . M . 


X 

<D 

(/) 

<D 

U) 

< 

-C 

O 

0) 

re 

o 

c 

D 

c 

3 

o 

E 

<L> 

0) 

re 

o 

(J) 

re 

L. 

h 

re 

s. 

h 

w 

il 

1.  A.  C.  K.  . 

. F. 

3-  8 

2nd 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

U.  .1 

2.  E.  C.  . . . 

. F. 

6 

2nd 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  5-U.  4 

3.  P.  D.  D.  . 

. F. 

8-  5 

4th 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  5-U.  3 

4.  M.  B.  . . . 

. F. 

1-  2-20 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  7-U.  6-C.  1.7 

5.  A.  C.  K.. 

. F. 

1-  5-  1 

2nd 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  4-U.  5 

6.  C.  G.  B.. 

. F. 

1-  9-24 

1st 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  9-U.  7 

7.  C.  D. 

. F. 

2-  2-23 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  8-U.  7-C.  5 

8.  M.  B. 

. F. 

2-  3-10 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  9.U.  8-C.  4 

9.  E.  C. 

. F. 

2-  5-13 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  3-S.  2 

10.  R.  N. 

. F. 

2-10-12 

2nd 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  10-U.  8 

11.  M.  B. 

. F. 

3-  2-  9 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  2 

12.  E.  W. 

. F. 

3-  6-21 

2nd  . 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

0 

5 

0 

M.  13-Sc.  2.5- 
U.  10-C.  7-S.  4- 
Tm.  3 

13.  J.  B.  S. . . 

. F. 

3-  7-25 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  4 

14.  C.  R.  ... 

. F. 

3-  7-26 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

0 

0 

C.  6-S.  5-Td.  2 

15.  N.  S.  ... 

. F. 

3-  8-28 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  4 

16.  C.  S 

. F. 

3-10-14 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  5-S.  2 

17.  R.  A.  ... 

. F. 

3-10-20 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  6 

18.  M.  M.  ... 

. F. 

3-11-  4 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  2 

19.  J.  M 

. F. 

3-11-22 

11th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  4-S.  3 

20.  B.  D.  ... 

. F. 

4-  0-  0 

6th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  6-S.  .3 

.21.  A.  P 

. F. 

4-  0-  0 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

6 

5 

0 

C.  6-S.  5-Td.  3- 
Tm.  1. 

22.  C.  F 

. F. 

4-  1-  7 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

S.  7- Sc.  6-Td.  4 
Tm.  5 

23.  E.  H 

F. 

4-  1-23 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  5 

24.  M.  B 

F. 

4-  2-18 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  5-S.  3 

25.  D.  P 

F. 

4-  4-24 

7th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

7 

0 

S.  7-Sc.  2. 5-Td. 
3-Tm.  2 

26.  1.  S 

F. 

4-  6-  0 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  6-S.  5 

27.  M.  L.  K.  . 

F. 

4-  7-  9 

1st 

2 

1 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

S.  4-Sc.  .8 

28.  B.  D 

F. 

4-  8-18 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

0 

0 

S.  5-Sc.  4-  Td. 
3.5 

29.  J.  L.  W.  . 

F. 

4-  9-  5 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

S.  5-Sc.  1.2 

30.  E.  J. 

F. 

4-  9-12 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

S.  6 

31.  V.  A 

. F. 

4-10-15 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

Sc.  .8 

32.  E.  B 

F. 

4-10-22 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

6 

5 

0 

S.  8-Sc.  5-Td. 

4-Tm.  7 

33.  R.  H 

F. 

4-11-  7 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

S.  5-Sc.  1-Td. 

3.2-Tm.  2 

34.  S.  G 

F. 

5-  0-  1 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

6 

4 

0 

S.  2 -Sc.  3-Td. 
2.5-Tm.  5 

35.  M.  R 

F. 

5-  1-  9 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

7 

6 

4 

5 

0 

S.  3-Sc.  4.8-Td. 
5.2-Tm.  1 

36.  J.  M.  F..  . 

F. 

5-  1-12 

6th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

6 

5 

0 

S.  5-Td.  4-Tm.  5 

37.  R.  E 

F. 

5-  1-12 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

6 

0 

S.  6-Td.  3.2- 

g.  XIII. — L.  F.,  Male,  5 Years,  4 Months,  9 Days,  right. Fig.  XIV. — L.  F.,  Male,  5 Years,  4 Months,  9 Days,  left. 


Fig.  XV.— J.  P.  Male,  6 years,  3 Months. 


Fig.  XVI. — I.  B.,  Female,  6 years. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE,  (Continued). 


Name. 

Sex. 

Age. 

Child. 

Magnum. 

Unciform. 

Cuneiform. 

Semilunar. 

Scaphoid. 

T rapezoid. 

Trapezium 

Pisiform. 

Size  of 

N ucleus 
in  M.  M. 

38. 

E.  K. 

. . F. 

5-  1-12 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

6 

5 

0 

S.  6-Sc.  2-Td. 
3-Tm.  4 

40. 

1.  R. 

. F. 

5-  1-16 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

0 

0 

S.  4-Td.  .2 

41. 

A.  M. 

W. 

F. 

5-  1-21 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  2.5  . 

42. 

L.  F. 

. F. 

5-  3-13 

1st 

1 

2 

4 

3 

6 

5 

0 

0 

C.  5-S.  8-Sc.  1- 
Td.  2 

43. 

T.  C. 

F. 

5-  3-22 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  5 

44. 

H.  S. 

F. 

5-  3-27 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  3 

45. 

C.  S. 

, F. 

5-  4-  7 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

6 

0 

S.  5-Td.  2- 
Tm.  .2 

4o. 

C.  B. 

F. 

5-  9-17 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

5 

4 

0 

0 

Sc.  5-Td.  6 

47. 

E.  J. 

F. 

5-  5-12 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

6 

4 

0 

Sc.  4.6-Td.  4- 
Tm.  5 

48. 

A.  W. 

F. 

5-  5-22 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

5 

4 

6 

0 

0 

S.  3-Sc.  4-Td.  1 

49. 

A.  P. 

F. 

5-  6-  1 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

6 

5 

0 

S.  7- Sc  3-Td.  5 
Tm.  6 

50. 

M.  P. 

F. 

5-  6-24 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

M.  3 

51. 

M.  E. 

F. 

5-  7-  0 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

4 

0 

S.  6-Sc.  8-Td.  5 
Tm.  8.2 

52. 

M.  V. 

F. 

5-  7-  3 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

7 

0 

Sc.  5-Td.  6- 

Tm.  4 

53. 

M.  S. 

F. 

5-  7-  8 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

6 

0 

Td.  3-Tm.  2 

54. 

A.  L. 

F.  . . 

F. 

5-  7-20 

10th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  5 

55. 

V.  B. 

F. 

5-  7-24 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

7 

0 

Sc.  5-Td.  6- 

Tm.  3.5 

56. 

V.  Y. 

F. 

5-  7-29 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

6 

4 

0 

S.  4- Sc.  6-Td. 
51Tm.  9 

57. 

M.  R. 

F. 

5-  8-  5 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

5 

0 

Sc.  5-Td.  6- 

Tm.  7 

58. 

E.  C. 

F. 

5-  9-14 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

Sc.  2.5-Td.  5- 

Tm.  4 

59. 

L.  F. 

F. 

5-  9-28 

1st 

1 

2 

4 

3 

6 

5 

0 

0 

Sc.  6-Td.  5 

60. 

H.  S. 

F. 

5-10-  9 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

Sc.  4.1-Td.  4- 
Tm.  3 

61. 

R.  K. 

F. 

5-10-  9 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

4 

5 

0 

S.  3.5-Sc.  2.5- 
Td.  5-Tm.  4 

62. 

V.  C. 

F. 

5-10-14 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

Sc.  4-Td.  6- 

Tm.  5 

63. 

H.  P. 

R. . . 

F. 

5-11-16 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

Sc.  .3-Td.  3- 
Tm.  2 

64. 

A.  W. 

F. 

5-11-28 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

65. 

1.  B.  . 

F. 

6-  0-  0 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

5 

0 

4 

0 

0 

66. 

M.  B. 

F. 

6-  0-  2 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

67. 

B.  F. 

F. 

6-  0-  3 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

68. 

H.  T. 

F. 

6-  0-  4 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

69. 

H.  R. 

F. 

6-  0-  7 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

70. 

A.  B. 

C..  . 

F. 

6-  0-13 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

71. 

S.  F. 

F. 

6-  0-16 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

72. 

M.  L. 

K.  . 

F. 

6-  0-20 

1st 

2 

1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

73. 

M.  P. 

F. 

6-  0-23 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

74. 

1.  S.  . 

F. 

6-  1-  0 

2nd 

1 

2 

J 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

Fig.  XVII. — C.  D.,  Female,  4 Years,  8 Months,  18  Days. Fig.  XVIII. — T.  W.,  Male,  6 Years,  11  Months,  11  Days. 


Fig.  XIX. — E.  W.,  Female,  3 Years,  6 Months,  21  Days.  Fig.  XX. — H.  W.,  Male,  5 Years,  2 Months,  21  Days. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE,  (Continued). 


Sex. 

Age. 

Chile 

O) 

re 

o 

e 

D 

c 

3 

O 

Sem 

LL 

03 

O 

(/) 

Li. 

03 

SL 

h 

u. 

re 

h 

</) 

'll 

75.  M.  C.  R.  . 

F. 

6-  1-  4 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

76.  N.  W 

F. 

6-  2-15 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

77.  V.  A 

F. 

6-  3-  0 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

78.  J.  L 

F. 

6-  3-  4 

7th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

79.  L.  P.  

F. 

6-  3-  7 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

80.  C.  C 

F. 

6-  3-  7 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

81.  V.  M 

F. 

6-  3-29 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

82.  N.  D 

F. 

6-  4-  2 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

5 

4 

0 

0 

0 

83.  E.  S 

F. 

6-  4-22 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

84.  E.  N 

F. 

6-  5-28 

7th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

85.  A.  M 

F. 

6-  6-15 

1st . 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

7 

0 

86.  A.  B 

F. 

6-  6-20 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

87.  O.  P 

F. 

6-  7-  2 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

88.  E.  R 

F. 

6-  7-  3 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

89.  B.  S 

F. 

6-  7-  7 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

s 

s 

0 

90.  B.  S.  . ...  . 

F. 

6-  7-  7 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

s 

s 

0 

91.  J.  F 

F. 

6-  9-  9 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

92,  T.  F 

F. 

6-  7-15 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

4 

6 

0 

93.  E.  V 

F. 

6-  7-17 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

94.  M.  F.  C. 

. F. 

6-  8-  8 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

95.  V.  G 

. F. 

6-  8-10 

6th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

96.  V.  L 

. F. 

6-  8-11 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

7 

6 

4 

5 

0 

97.  N.  W. 

F. 

6-  8-29 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

98.  G.  F 

. F. 

6-  9-  9 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

99.  1.  E 

. F. 

6-11-  2 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

100.  M.  S.  ... 

. F. 

7-  0-  2 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

101.  J.  S.  C.  . 

. F. 

7-  1-  2 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

102.  M.  L.  B.. 

. F. 

7-  2-  5 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

103.  J.  B 

. F. 

7-  2-20 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

104.  D.  T.  ... 

. F. 

7-  4-  0 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

105.  A.  T.  ... 

. F. 

7-  4-21 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

106.  M.  K.  ... 

. F. 

7-  4-18 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

107.  M.  K.  ... 

. F. 

7-  4.-18 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

108.  M.  S. 

. F. 

7-  6-  4 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

109.  A.  C. 

. F. 

7-  7-  0 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

110.  S.  P. 

. F. 

7-  7-  0 

7th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

5 

8 

111.  S.  J 

. F. 

7-  8-  6 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

112.  S.  B 

. F. 

7-  9-11 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

113.  V.  H. 

. F. 

7-10-16 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

114.  M.  B.  W. 

. F. 

8-  0-  0 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

115.  M.  A.  M. 

. F. 

8-  1-  4 

2nd 

8 

116.  R.  M. 

. F. 

8-  1-  6 

3rd 

2 

1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

117.  A.  M.  R. 

. F. 

8-  2-14 

1st 

0 

118.  M.  P. 

. F. 

8-  3-  0 

6th 

0 

119.  M.  L.  B. 

. F. 

4-  4-13 

2nd 

0 

120.  M.  J 

. F. 

8-  8-18 

2nd 

8 

121.  B.  R. 

. F. 

8-  9-17 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

122.  M.  B.  W. 

. F. 

8-11-16 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

123.  M.  D.  ... 

. F. 

9-  0-  0 

4th 

8 

124.  L.  D. 

. F. 

9-  8-  6 

4th 

8 

125.  E.  S 

. F. 

9-11-15 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

126.  E.  R.  . . . 

. F. 

9-11-16 

5th 

0 

Size  of 
N ucleus 
in  M.  M. 


P.  .4 


P.  3 


P.  2 


P.  3 
P.  Z 


Fig.  XXI. — V.  C.,  Female,  5 Years,  10  Months,  14  Days.  Fig.  XXII. — E.  C.,  Female,  5 Years,  9 Months,  14  Days. 


Fig.  XXIII. — I.  M.  F.,  Female,  5 Years,  1 Month,  12  Days.  Fig.  XXIV. — A.  P.,  Female,  5 Years,  6 Months,  1 Day. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE,  (Continued) 


Name. 


4-  3 


Size  of 
N ucleus 
in  M.  M. 


Sex. 

Age. 

o 

Mag 

o 

£ 

D 

£ 

3 

o 

Sem 

TO 

O 

CO 

TO 

h 

TO 

h 

CO 

’n 

127. 

L. 

C.  ... 

. F. 

10-0-  0 

4th 

8 

P.  7 

128. 

E. 

R.  . . 

. F. 

10-5-27 

2nd 

. . 

8 

P.  4 

129. 

C. 

N.  . . . 

. F. 

10-5-27 

8 

P.  5 

130. 

S. 

B.  . . . 

. F. 

10-6-27 

8 

P.  4 

131. 

L. 

A.  . . . 

. F. 

10-7-26 

1st 

0 

132. 

A. 

W.  . . 

. F. 

11-2-15 

8 

P.  7 

133. 

M. 

R.  . . 

. F. 

11-6-  4 

3rd 

8 

P.  7 

134. 

T. 

S.  M.. 

. F. 

11-8-  6 

1st 

8 

P.  8 

135. 

L. 

D.  . . . 

. . F. 

12-1  9 

3rd 

8 

P.  6 

136. 

K. 

N.  ... 

. F. 

12-7-  9 

3rd 

8 

P.  10 

1. 

G. 

K.  . . . 

M. 

44 

1st 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2. 

G. 

W.  . . 

M. 

7-12 

4th 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  1.5 

3. 

P. 

M.  ... 

M. 

7-19 

5th 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

U.  .3 

4. 

P. 

M.  ... 

M. 

1-  6-  6 

5th 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  3-U.  4 

5. 

W. 

S.  ... 

M. 

1-  9-10 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  9-U.  7-C.  3 

6. 

J. 

K.  R. 

M. 

2-  1-  7 

3rd 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  6-U.  5 

7. 

L. 

M.  ... 

M. 

2-  7-19 

12th 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  9-U.  8 

8. 

G. 

G 

. M. 

3-  0-  5 

1st 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  8-U.  6 

9. 

T. 

K 

. M. 

3-  9-17 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  3 

10. 

A. 

F 

. M. 

3-10-20 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  5 

11. 

W. 

C.  ... 

. M. 

4-  0-  0 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  5-S.  2 

12. 

J. 

D.  O . . 

. M. 

4-  1-17 

1st 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  1Q-U.  8 

13. 

J. 

E 

. M. 

4-  1-19 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

C.  6-Tm.  1 

14. 

A. 

L.  ... 

. M. 

4-  2-24 

2nd 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  11-U.  9 

15. 

R. 

B 

. M. 

4-  2-28 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  5 

16. 

C. 

G 

. M. 

4-  4-  3 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

6 

0 

C.  8-S.  7-Sc.  3- 
Tm.  .8 

17. 

H. 

C.  T. 

. M. 

4-  4-19 

1st 

1 

2 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  4.2 

18. 

E. 

M. 

. M. 

4-  5-  0 

8th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  2 

19. 

V. 

P.  . . . 

. M. 

4-  6-  1 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  6-S.  4 

20. 

H. 

W.  . . . 

. M. 

4-  7-  0 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

C.  8-S.  7-Tm.  3 

21. 

L. 

M.  ... 

. M. 

4-  8-10 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  5 

22. 

H. 

M.  R. 

. M. 

4-  8-28 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

S.  3.5-Tm.  3 

23. 

R. 

Q 

. M. 

4-10-11 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

S.  5 

24. 

W. 

, B.  . . 

. M. 

4-11-23 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  3 

25. 

L. 

N.  ... 

. M. 

5-  0-  0 

2nd 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

M.  12-U.  10 

26. 

R. 

P.  . . 

. M. 

5-  1-  0 

8th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  7-S.  6 

27. 

W. 

D.  . . 

. M. 

5-1-4 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

C.  3 

28. 

E. 

K.  . . . 

. M. 

5-  1-12 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  4.5 

29. 

C. 

C.  ... 

. M. 

5-  2-  5 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  .7 

CO 

o 

G. 

S 

. M. 

5-  2-  5 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

6 

0 

Td.  .7-Tm.  .5 

31. 

J. 

C.  M.. 

. M. 

5-  2-  7 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  4 

32. 

J. 

S 

. M. 

5-  2-  8 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

Sc.  6-Td.  5- 

Tm.  4 

33. 

E. 

M 

. M. 

5-  2-12 

10th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  4 

34. 

J. 

D 

. M. 

5-  2-18 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  1 

35. 

H. 

W.  . . 

. M. 

5-  2-21 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

Td.  .2 

36. 

T. 

S.  ... 

. M. 

5-  3-  0 

3rd 

1 

2 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  .2 

37. 

D. 

S.  . . . 

. M. 

5-  3-  3 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

5 

0 

Sc.  2.5-Td.  2- 

Tm.  3 

38. 

T. 

N.  ... 

. M. 

5-  3-  5 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

Fig.  XXV. — L.  H.,  Male,  6 Yrs.,  4 Mons.,  12  Dys.,  right.  Fig.  XXVI. — L.  H.,  Male,  6 Yrs,  4 Mons.,  12  Dys.,  left. 


Fig.  XXVII.— S.  J.,  Female,  7 Yrs.,  6 Mons.,  4 Dys.,  right.Fig.  XXVIII.— S.  J.,  Female,  7 Yrs.,  6 Mons.,  4 Dys.,  left. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE,  (Continued) 


Name. 


■6 


Sex. 

Age. 

!e 

a 

39. 

E.  W.  . . 

. M. 

5-  3-10 

1st 

40. 

E.  L.  . . . 

. M. 

5-  3-11 

2nd 

41. 

R.  M.  .. 

. M. 

5-. 3-23 

1st 

42. 

G.  B.  D. 

. M. 

5-  4-  6 

3rd 

43. 

L.  F.  ... 

. M. 

5-  4-  9 

1st 

44. 

W.  L.  .. 

. M. 

5-  4-15 

1st 

45. 

R.  J.  ... 

. M. 

5-  4-26 

4th 

.46. 

J.  S 

. M. 

5-  5-  5 

1st 

47. 

T.  B.  ... 

. M. 

5-  5-12 

1st 

48. 

J.  R.  ... 

. M. 

5-  5-22 

3rd 

49. 

N.  K.  ... 

. M. 

5-  6-  3 

1st 

50. 

H.  C.  T. 

. M. 

5-  6-18 

3rd 

51. 

R.  E.  ... 

. M. 

5-  6-22 

1st 

52. 

A.  V.  C.. 

. M. 

5-  8-  0 

1st 

53. 

J.  W.  ... 

. M. 

5-  8-17 

1st 

54. 

G.  S.  ... 

. M. 

5-  8-20 

4th 

55. 

A.  L 

. M. 

5-  8-25 

2nd 

56. 

G.  B.  ... 

. M. 

5-  8-29 

5th 

57. 

J.  T.  S. . 

. M. 

5-  9-  6 

4th 

53. 

W.  D.  . . 

. M. 

5-  9-26 

2nd 

59. 

W.  W.  .. 

. M. 

5-10-  2 

2nd 

60. 

W.  M. 

, M. 

5-10-  3 

1st 

61. 

E.  T.  R. 

. M. 

5-10-  3 

2nd 

62. 

H.  C.  T.  . 

. M. 

5-10-20 

1st 

63. 

B.  D 

. M. 

5-11-19 

2nd 

64. 

L.  S. 

. M. 

6-  0-  2 

2nd 

65. 

E.  M 

. M. 

6-  0-  4 

1st 

66. 

J.  D 

. M. 

6-  0-  9 

2nd 

67. 

R.  G.  S.  . . 

M. 

6-  0-25 

1st 

68. 

G.  B.  D. 

, M. 

6-  1-  0 

3rd 

69. 

G.  M 

M. 

6-  1-  0 

4th 

70. 

J.  W 

M. 

6-  1-  2 

7th 

71. 

R.  P 

M. 

6-  1-11 

8th 

72. 

C.  B 

M. 

6-  1-14 

2nd 

73. 

S.  H 

M. 

6-  1-20 

4th 

74. 

S.  P. 

M. 

6-  1-28 

3rd 

75. 

J.  T 

M. 

6-  2-11 

1st 

76. 

O.  S 

M. 

6-  2-  1 

1st 

77. 

E.  B 

M. 

6-  2-  6 

1st 

78. 

F.  V 

M. 

6-  2-16 

8th 

79. 

T.  N 

M. 

6-  2-21 

3rd 

80. 

L..  S 

M. 

6-  2-22 

1st 

81. 

E.  W 

M. 

6-  2-26 

1st 

82. 

H.  W. 

M. 

6-  2-28 

3rd 

83. 

A.  L 

M. 

6-  3-  0 

3rd 

84. 

J.  P.  

M. 

6-  3-  0 

1st 

85  . 

,C.  W. 

M. 

6-  3-  5 

3rd 

86. 

L.  M 

M. 

6-  3-23 

6th 

£ 

3 

E 

Cl 

re 

£ 

T 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 

i 


E 

s_ 

o 

o 

E 

D 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


£ 

£- 

O 

a> 

E 

3 

o 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 
3 
3 

3 
0 

4 
4 
3 
3 
3 

3 

4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3 

4 
3 
3 
3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 
3 
3 
3 


re 

E 

3 

£ 

ai 

CO 

4 

4 

0 

4 

4 

3 

4 
4 
4 
0 
3 

3 

4 
4 
4 
4 

3 
0 

4 
0 
0 

4 

5 

3 
0 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

6 

4 
4 


■o 

o 

a 

re 

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CO 

5 

0 

0 

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0 
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5 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

0 

5 
0 

6 
0 
5 
0 


73 

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0 

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0 

5 

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0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

6 

5 

5 
4 

6 
0 


£ 

3 

N 

<u 

a. 

re 

h 

6 

5 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

5 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 
7 

0 

5 
0 
0 
0 

5 
0 
7 

6 
0 
5 
0 
0 
0 
0 
7 
0 
0 
5 
0 
0 


Size  of 
N ucleus 
£ in  M.  M. 

w 

a 

0 Sc.  1-Td.  .5 
Tm.  .6 
0 M.  3 
0 S.  7 
0 S.  3 
0 S.  4-Tm.  2 
0 C.  1-S.  3-Td. 
0 Sc.  2:5  . 

0 S.  2-Tm.  3 
0 S.  5 
0 M.  10-U.  8 
0 S.  4 
0 C.  .2- S.  .7 
0 Td.  2 
0 Tm.  4 
0 Tm.  3 
0 Sc.  8-Td.  3- 

Tm.  2 

0 Sc.  2.8-Td.  1 
0 C.  7 
0 S.  7-T d.  2 
0 C.  2 

0 C.  7 

0 S.  1 

0 S.  .5-Sc.  2 

0 S.  6 

0 C.  3 

0 S.  1 -Tm.  4 

0 Sc.  6-Td.  7- 

Tm.  5 
0 S.  2 
0 Tm.  3.5 
0 Sc.  3-Td.  .8 
0 Sc.  1.5 
0 Sc.  4 
0 Tm.  2.5 
0 S.  2.5 
0 Sc.  9-Td.  1- 

Tm.  6.5 

0 Sc.  3-Tm.  2 
0 S.  7 
0 Tm.  .8 
0 S.  6 
0 S.  7 
0 Sc.  6-Td.  4 
0 S.  2 

0 Td.  7-Tm.  6 
0 Td.  1.5 
0 Sc.  4-Td.  5 
0 Td.  4-Tm.  2 
0 Sc.  6-Td.  4.5 
0 S.  5 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE,  (Continued), 


Name. 

Sex. 

Age. 

Child. 

Magnum. 

Unciform. 

Cuneiform. 

Semilunar. 

Scaphoid. 

T rapezoid. 

Trapezium 

Pisiform. 

Size  of 

Nucleus 

in  M.  M. 

87. 

M.  H.  . . . 

M. 

6-  4-17 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

88. 

L.  H 

. M. 

6-  4-19 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

89. 

J.  K 

. M. 

6-  4-23 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

Td.  1-Tm.  2 

90. 

H.  W.  . . 

. M. 

6-  5-  0 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

0 

0 

Td.  2.5 

91. 

M.  H.  . . 

. M. 

6-  5-  5 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

92. 

J.  D.  ... 

. M. 

6-  5-11 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  5 

93. 

S.  T.  ... 

. M. 

6-  5-25 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

94. 

G.  B.  ... 

. M. 

6-  5-27 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  5 

95. 

H.  F.  ... 

. M. 

6-  6-  4 

Is 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  5 

96. 

L.  1 

. M. 

6-  6-12 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S.  7 

97. 

W.  M.  . . 

. M. 

6-  6-16 

7th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

98. 

J.  D.  ... 

. M. 

6-  6-16 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

0 

0 

Td.  2 

99. 

T.  M.  ... 

. M. 

61  7-  3 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

5 

6 

0 

Td.  3-Tm.  .5 

100. 

N.  C.  ... 

. M. 

6-  8-11 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

101. 

G.  S 

. M. 

6-  9-  6 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

102. 

J.  S.  .... 

. M. 

6-  9-  9 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

103. 

J.  B.  D.. 

. M. 

6-10-  9 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

104. 

W.  L.  ... 

. M. 

6-10-16 

1st 

1 

2 

4 

3 

6 

5 

7 

0 

105. 

T.  W. 

. M. 

6-11-16 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

0 

0 

Sc.  1 

106. 

R,  P.  ... 

. M. 

7-  0-  0 

8th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

5 

0 

107.- 

■G.  M.  ... 

. M. 

7-  1-  4 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

108. 

M.  M.  .. 

. M. 

7-  1-26 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

109. 

W.  K.  .. 

. M. 

7-  2-27 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

110. 

W.  M.  .. 

. M. 

7-  3-25 

9th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

0 

5 

0 

111. 

J.  V. 

. M. 

7-  4-  9 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

6 

5 

0 

112. 

G.  L. 

. M. 

7-  7-  0 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

113. 

A.  C.  . . . 

. M. 

7-  7-  4 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

114. 

D.  G. 

. M. 

7-  8-10 

6th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

115. 

F.  D. 

. M. 

7-  9-13 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

116. 

C.  L.  ... 

. M. 

7-  9-22 

6th 

1 

2 

3 

5 

6 

4 

7 

0 

117. 

G.  M.  . .. 

. M. 

8-  0-  1 

4th 

2 

1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

118. 

T.  M.  ... 

. M. 

8-  1-  4 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

119. 

R.  M.  ... 

. M. 

8-  2-25 

8th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

6 

5 

0 

120. 

D.  B. 

. M. 

8-  3-23 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

121. 

E.  M.  ... 

. M. 

8-  6-  4 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

5 

0 

122. 

L.  P. 

. M. 

8-  7-21 

9th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

123. 

W.  D.  .. 

. M. 

8-  8-  2 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

125. 

IVI. 

M.  S. 

IVI  . 

M. 

o- 

8-10-13 

ISl 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

0 

u 

0 

126. 

R.  B. 

G.. 

. M. 

9-  4-  8 

5th 

0 

127. 

R.  R. 

. M. 

9-  5-  2 

7th 

0 

128. 

V.  S. 

. M. 

9-  7-16 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

6 

0 

129. 

L.  F. 

. M. 

9-  8-  7 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

130. 

L.  B. 

M. 

. M. 

9-  9-14 

7th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

6 

5 

0 

131. 

P.  C. 

. M. 

9-10-  8 

2nd 

0 

132. 

C.  R. 

. M. 

9-11-  4 

4th 

0 

133. 

J.  M. 

. M. 

9-11-26 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

134. 

E.  E. 

. M. 

10-  4-13 

1st 

0 

135. 

W.  S. 

. M. 

10-  5-13 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

136. 

H.  F. 

. M. 

10-  5-16 

3rd 

0 

137. 

W.  E 

. M. 

10-  7-10 

4th 

0 

CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE,  (Continued). 


E 

t_ 

o 

E 

tl 

re 

£ 

3 

■d 

E 

Size 

Name. 

E 

3 

£_ 

O 

T3 

O 

o 

N 

3 

N 

E 

t_ 

Nuch 

X 

<u 

o 

-6 

!E 

E 

O) 

ns 

o 

£ 

<D 

£ 

3 

£ 

0) 

.£ 

a 

re 

o 

as 

a 

re 

s_ 

<D 

a. 

re 

t- 

o 

w 

in  M. 

< / ) 

< 

o 

S 

D 

o 

</) 

(0 

h 

h 

CL 

138. 

S.  F 

. M. 

10-  8-  0 

3rd 

0 

139. 

W.  T. 

. M. 

10-  9-  0 

1st 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

140. 

B.  B. 

. M. 

11-  0-  4 

6th 

0 

141. 

W.  T. 

. M. 

11-  3-  3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

7 

0 

142. 

F.  R. 

. M. 

11-  3-23 

6th 

0 

143. 

B.  T. 

. M. 

11-  4-22 

3rd 

0 

144. 

H.  F. 

. M. 

11-  8-  0 

1st 

8 

P. 

2 

145. 

C.  W.  ... 

. M. 

12-  6-  0 

4th 

0 

146. 

W.  C.  . . 

..  M. 

12-  6-24 

1st 

0 

147. 

R.  F.  . . 

. . M. 

12-  9-  4 

2nd 

8 

P. 

10 

148. 

D.  V. 

. M. 

12-10-  0 

8 

P. 

5 

149. 

E.  M. 

. . M. 

12-10-21 

1st 

0 

150. 

. R.  W.  . 

. . M. 

13-  0-  6 

4th 

0 

151. 

. E.  P. 

. . M. 

13-  7-25 

6th 

8 

P. 

8 

152. 

E.  S. 

. . M. 

13-  9-  5 

1st 

8 

P. 

6 

153. 

J.  F.  ... 

. . M. 

14-  0-16 

4th 

0 

The  os  magnum  is  the  first  bone  in  the  human  carpus  to  begin  the  process 
of  ossification.  In  the  hand  of  the  female,  the  first  point  will  make  its  appearance 
before  the  child  is  six  months  of  age.  In  exceptional  instances  ossification  may 
begin  before  birth.  This  I believe  to  be  the  case  with  No.  2 — E.  C.,  age  six  month. 
In  this  hand  the  nucleus  of  the  magnum  is  five  m.  m.  in  diameter  and  that  of  the 
unciform  is  three  m.  m.  The  former  must  have  made  its  appearance  before  birth, 
and  that  of  the  latter  soon  after  birth.  Then  in  the  hand  of  No.  3 — P.  D.  D., 
age  eight  months  and  five  days — the  magnum  is  five  m.  m.  in  diameter.  The 
youngest  of  the  female  hands  of  which  I have  made  a negative  is  that  of  No.  1 — 
A.  C.  K.,  age  three  months  and  eight  days.  This  negative  shows  a pin  point  of 
ossification  in  the  unciform. 

Another  exposure  of  this  hand  at  the  age  of  one  year,  five  months  and  one 
day  shows  the  nucleus  of  the  unciform  is  five  m.  m.,  and  that  of  the  magnum  is 
four  m.  m.  in  diameter.  In  all  of  the  hands  of  those  under  three  years  of  age, 
the  size  of  the  nucleus  would  indicate  the  average  appearance  of  the  magnum  be- 
tween the  third  and  sixth  month,  and  that  of  the  unciform  a few  months  later. 

The  cuneiform  will  make  its  appearance  between  the  second  and  third  years. 
The  fourth  bone  of  the  carpus  to  begin  ossification  is  the  semilunar,  the  nucleus 
of  which  will  appear  between  the  third  and  fourth  year  ; while  that  of  the  scaphoid 
will  appear  when  the  child  is  about  four  years  of  age,  or  early  in  the  fifth  year. 
It  is  only  in  rare  or  exceptional  instances  that  you  find  the  semilunar  or  scaphoid 
appearing  after  the  child  is  five  years  of  age. 

The  trapezoid  and  trapezium  will  make  their  appearance  between  the  fourth 


and  fifth  year,  in  the  order  named.  The  last  bone,  or  pisiform,  will  begin  ossifi- 
cation between  the  ninth  and  tenth  year.  An  examination  of  the  table  will  show 
that  in  only  six  instances  can  we  record  the  absence  of  any  of  the  bones  that  should 
be  present  when  the  child  was  six  years  of  age  or  older.  The  oldest  hand  of  the 
female  showing  the  absence  of  the  trapezoid  and  trapezium  is  that  of  No.  87 — 
0.  P.,  age  six  years,  seven  months  and  two  days. 

The  male  hand  is  slower  to  develop.  The  difference  is  measured  at  first  by 
days,  then  months,  then  years.  An  examination  of  this  part  of  the  table  will  show 
that  in  only  six  instances  can  we  find  the  absence  of  any  of  the  seven  bones  of  the 
carpus  that  should  be  present  when  the  child  was  seven  years  of  age  or  older. 

The  oldest  of  the  male  hands  showing  the  absence  of  any  of  these  bones  is 
that  of  No.  125 — M.  S.,  age  eight  years,  ten  months  and  thirteen  days.  In  this 
hand  the  trapezium  has  not  made  its  appearance.  The  slowest  of  the  male  hands 
in  developing  is  that  of  No.  120 — D.  B.,  age  eight  years,  three  months  and  twenty- 
three  days.  In  this  hand  the  scaphoid,  trapezoid,  and  the  trapezium  have  not 
appeared. 

The  chronological  order  in  which  the  bones  of  the  human  carpus  are  ossified 
is  as  follows:  1,  Os  Magnum.  2,  Unciform.  3,  Cuneiform.  4,  Semilunar. 
5,  Scaphoid.  6,  Trapezoid.  7,  Trapezium.  8,  Pisiform. 

In  the  summary  of  the  table  we  find  that  in  two  hundred  and  forty-three  (243) 
hands  there  is  good  evidence  that  the  magnum  appeared  first  two  hundred  and 
thirty-eight  (238)  times  and  the  unciform  five  (5)  times.  In  two  hundred  and 
forty-one  (241)  hands  the  unciform  appeared  first  in  five  (5)  instances  and  the 
magnum  two  hundred  and  thirty-six  (236)  times. 

In  those  hands  in  which  the  cuneiform  had  made  its  appearance  it  came  in 
the  third  place  two  hundred  and  nineteen  (219)  times,  and  in  the  fourth  place 
ten  (10)  times.  You  will  observe  that  the  cuneiform  is  not  displaced  by  any  of 
the  other  bones  except  the  semilunar,  which  appeared  in  the  third  place  twelve  (12) 
times,  and  in  its  own  position,  the  fourth,  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  (176)  times. 
Eight  (8)  times  in  the  fifth  position,  twice  (2)  in  the  sixth,  and  six  (6)  times 
in  the  seventh  place,  in  a total  of  two  hundred  and  four  (204)  instances. 

In  one  hundred  and  twenty-nine  (129)  hands  we  find  the  scaphoid  has  ap- 
peared. Of  this  number  it  appeared  three  (3)  times  in  the  fourth  position, 
eighty  (80)  times  in  the  fifth,  twenty-seven  (27)  times  in  the  sixth,  and  ninteen 
(19)  times  in  the  seventh  place. 

The  table  shows  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  (124)  hands  in  which  the  trape- 
zoid presents  a point  of  ossification  or  a very  large  nucleus.  In  eight  (8)  instances 
it  appeared  in  the  fourth  place,  thirty-six  (36)  times  in  the  fifth,  fifty-nine  (59) 
times  in  the  sixth,  and  twenty-one  (21)  times  in  the  seventh  position. 

The  trapezium  made  its  appearance  seven  (7)  times  in  the  fourth  position, 


thirty  (30)  times  in  the  fifth,  thirty-one  (31)  times  in  the  sixth,  and  fifty-one  (51) 
times  in  its  own  position,  that  of  the  seventh. 

There  are  nineteen  (19)  showing  a nucleus  of  ossification  in  the  pisiform,  all 
appearing  in  the  eighth  position.  This  may  be  more  distinctly  seen  in  the  form 
of  a summary. 


SUMMARY. 


Magnum. 

U nciform. 

Cuneiform. 

Semilunar. 

Scaphoid. 

T rapezoid. 

T rapezium, 

Pisiform. 

First  

238 

5 

Second  

5 

236  

Third  

219 

12 

Fourth  

10 

176 

3 

8 

7 

Fifth  

8 

80 

36 

30 

Sixth  

2 

27 

59 

31 

Seventh  . . . . 

6 

19 

21 

51 

Eighth  

19 

Total. . . 

243 

241  229 

204 

129 

124 

119 

19 

If  my  conclusions  are  correct  in  placing  them 

in 

the  order 

in  which  they  are 

found  in  the  table,  and, 

as  I have  said,  I have  used  only  those  in  which  the  order. 

was  distinct; 

there  can 

hardly  be  a question  that 

the  chronological  order 

of  ossi- 

fication  is  in 

accordance  with  this  table. 

It  will, 

however,  be 

seen  there 

are  all 

kinds  of  variations,  or  what  might  be  called  combinations;  thus,  the  magnum  or 
unciform  may  be  found  in  either  the  first  or  second  positions,  but  they  are  never 
displaced  by  any  of  the  other  bones. 

The  cuneiform  is  rarely  displaced  from  the  third  position,  and  then  only  by 
the  semilunar.  The  latter  bone  has  a strong  hold  on  the  fourth  place,  but  it  may 
be  found  in  the  third,  fifth,  sixth  or  seventh  positions;  that  is,  in  exceptional 
instances. 

The  scaphoid,  trapezoid,  and  the  trapezium  frequently  exchange  positions. 

Fig.  I represents  the  order  in  which  the  average  will  occur,  viz. : 1.  os  magnum. 
2,  unciform.  3,  cuneiform.  4,  semilunar.  5,  scaphoid.  6,  trapezoid.  7,  trape- 
zium. 8,  pisiform. 

In  Fig.  II,  we  have  an  instance  in  which  the  unciform  is  found  in  the  first 
position,  preceding  the  magnum.  Fig.  Ill  is  the  same  hand  taken  eleven  months 
later.  The  magnum  evidently  appeared  soon  after  that  of  the  unciform,  but  has 
not  had  sufficient  time  for  its  nucleus  to  grow  larger  than  the  last  named  bone. 
In  Fig.  IV  the  cuneiform  is  in  its  proper  position,  that  is  the  third.  In  Figs.  V 
and  VI,  the  semilunar  has  appeared  in  the  third  position  in  advance  of  the  cunei- 
form. Fig.  VII  shows  the  scaphoid  has  preceded  the  semilunar  and  is  found  in 


the  fourth  position;  and  in  Fig.  VIII  the  trapezoid  is  in  the  fourth  place,  trapezium 
fifth,  scaphoid  sixth,  and  the  semilunar  seventh.  Figs.  IX  and  X are  the  right 
and  left  hands,  in  which  we  find  the  trapezoid  in  the  fourth  position  and  the 
scaphoid  fifth.  There  is  quite  a large  nucleus  of  all  of  these  bones.  The  semi- 
lunar has  not  made  its  appearance.  In  Figs.  XI  and  XII  the  trapezium  has  ap- 
peared in  the  fourth  position,  the  scaphoid  fifth,  the  semilunar  sixth,  and  the 
trapezoid  seventh,  in  the  right  and  left  hands.  In  Figs.  XIII  and  XIV  the  trape- 
zium is  in  the  fifth  position.  We  have  still  another  arrangement  in  Fig.  XV,  in 
which  we  see  the  trapezoid  fourth,  the  trapezium  fifth,  and  the  semilunar  sixth. 
Fig.  XVI  is  somewhat  different;  the  trapezoid  is  in  the  fourth  place  and  the  semi- 
lunar fifth.  In  Figs.  XVII  and  XVIII  the  trapezoid  is  fifth  and  the  scaphoid 
sixth.  In  the  hands  of  a brother  and  sister,  Figs.  XIX  and  XX,  we  find  the  trape- 
zium in  the  fifth  position.  Figs.  XVI  and  XVII  show  the  trapezoid  in  the  fifth 
position,  the  trapezium  sixth,  and  the  scaphoid  seventh;  and  in  Figs.  XXIII  and 
XXIV  the  trapezium  is  in  the  fifth  and  the  trapezoid  is  in  the  sixth  positions. 

This  may  be  more  graphically  shown  when  grouped  and  in  tabular  form,  as 
follows : 


Name. 

Sex. 

Age. 

Child. 

Magnum. 

Unciform. 

i 

Cuneiform. 

[ 

Semilunar. 

Scaphoid. 

Trapezoid.  1 

T rapezium. 

Pisiform. 

1.  N.  V 

F. 

6-  2-15 

4th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

2.  P.  M 

M. 

7-19 

5th 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3.  P.  M 

M. 

1-  6-  6 

5th 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4.  W.  S 

M. 

1-0-0 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5.  H.  C.  T 

M. 

6-  4-25 

5th 

1 

2 

4 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6.  L.  F 

F. 

5-  9-28 

1st 

1 

2 

4 

3 

6 

5 

0 

0 

7.  E.  T.  R 

M. 

5-10-  3 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

5 

4 

0 

0 

0 

8.  M.  R 

F. 

5-1-9 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

7 

6 

4 

5 

0 

9.  C.  B 

F. 

5-  9-11 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

5 

4 

0 

0 

10.  C.  B 

F. 

5-  9-17 

3rd 

1 

2 

3 

0 

5 

4 

0 

0 

11.  S.  G 

F. 

5-  0-  1 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

6 

4 

0 

12.  S.  G 

F. 

5-  0-  1 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

6 

4 

0 

13.  L.  F 

M. 

5-  4-  9 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

14.  L.  F 

M. 

5-  4-  9 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

15.  J.  P 

M. 

6-  3-  0 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

6 

0 

4 

5 

0 

16.  J.  B 

F. 

6-  0-  0 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

5 

0 

4 

0 

0 

17.  B.  D 

F. 

4-  8-18 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

0 

0 

18.  T.  W 

M. 

6-11-16 

5th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

0 

0 

19.  E.  W 

F. 

3-  6-21 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

0 

5 

0 

20.  H.  W 

M. 

5-  2-21 

1st 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

21.  V.  C 

F. 

5-10-14 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

22.  E.  C 

F. 

5-  9-14 

2nd 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

5 

6 

0 

23.  1.  M.  F 

F. 

5-  1-12 

6th 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

6 

5 

0 

24.  A.  P 

F. 

5-  6-  1 

4th 

1 

2 ' 

3 

4 

7 

6 

5 

0 

In  extremely  rare  instances  some  of  the  bones  of  the  carpus  are  developed 
from  two  nuclei. 


In  Figs.  XXV  and  XXVI  we  have  the  right  and  left  hand  showing  a double 
nucleus  in  the  cuneiform  and  semilunar.  The  position  of  the  tube  will  account 
for  the  difference  in  the  shadow  in  the  two  hands.  The  negatives  show  the  two 
nuclei  in  each  bone  distinctly. 

In  Figs.  XXVII  and  XXVIII  there  is  a double  nucleus  in  the  trapezoid  of 
the  right  hand,  but  it  is  not  found  in  the  left  hand,  as  will  be  seen. 

These  are  the  only  instances  in  which  I have  observed  two  points  of  ossifica- 
tion in  a single  bone. 

Other  observers  have  recorded  the  presence  of  the  os  centrale , the  os  subcapit- 
alum,  and  the  styloid  process  of  the  third  metacarpal  bone  as  separate  and  distinct 
bones.  I have  not  been  able  to  find  indications  of  any  of  these  variations  in  my 
negatives. 

In  arriving  at  these  conclusions,  a number  of  factors  are  to  be  taken  into 
consideration.  The  rate  of  growth  varies  in  different  families.  In  some  families 
the  bones  ossify  with  much  greater  rapidity  than  others.  Condition  of  health, 
accidents,  disease,  anything  that  would  interfere  with  the  blood  supply  or  modify 
metabolism,  would  be  likely  to  delay  or  modify  the  process  of  ossification. 

The  shadow  of  the  nucleus  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  object,  and  the  condi- 
tions under  which  the  exposures  are  made  should  be  uniform,  such  as  the  distance 
of  the  tube  from  the  plate,  the  time  of  exposure  and  the  development  of  the  plate, 
should  all  be  considered.  Making  all  possible  allowance  for  errors  on  account  of 
these  factors,  and  using  such  cases  in  which  I have  obtained  negatives  showing 
minute  points  of  ossification;  then  making  subsequent  exposures  of  these  hands 
at  frequent  intervals,  one,  two  or  more  months  apart,  I have  been  able  to  approxi- 
mate the  rate  of  growth.  Then  taking  the  size  of  the  nucleus  in  m.  m.,  we  can 
estimate  the  times  of  appearance  with  as  much  freedom  from  error  as  could  be 
determined  by  other  methods. 

In  the  frontispiece  we  have  an  instance  in  which  the  trapezium  in  the  male 
hand  has  made  its  appearance  at  a very  late  date. 


CARPUS 


CONCLUSIONS. 


f 1.  Os  Magnum 


2.  Unciform.  . . 


3.  Cuneiform.  . 


4.  Semilunar.  . 


5.  Scaphoid. 


6.  Trapezoid.  . . 


7.  Trapezium. 


1 8.  Pisiform  .... 


Female:  between  the  third  and  sixth  month. 

Male:  between  the  fourth  and  tenth  month. 

Female:  between  the  fifth  and  tenth  month. 

Male:  between  the  sixth  and  twelfth  month. 

Female:  between  the  second  and  third  year. 

Male:  when  about  three  years  of  age. 

Female:  between  the  third  and  fourth  year. 

Male:  when  about  four  years  of  age. 

Female:  at  four  years  of  age,  or  early  in  fifth  year. 

Male:  when  about  five  years  of  age. 

Female:  between  fourth  and  fifth  year  (preceding  trapezium). 

Male:  between  fifth  and  sixth  year  (preceding  trapezium). 

Female:  between  fourth  and  fith  year  (preceded  by  trapezoid), 

Male:  between  fifth  and  sixth  year  (preceded  by  trapezoid). 

Female:  between  the  ninth  and  tenth  year. 

Male:  between  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  year. 


